CS Mains Hindi

(Answers must be written in Hindi)

Paper I

Section A: History of Hindi Language and Nagari Lipi

• Grammatical and applied forms of Apbhransh, Awahatta & Arambhik Hindi.
• Development of Braj and Awadhi as literary language during medieval period.
• Early form of Khari-boli in Siddha-Nath Sahitya, Khusero, Sant Sahitaya, Rahim etc. and Dakhni Hindi.
• Development of Khari-boli and Nagari Lipi during 19th Century.
• Standardisation of Hindi Bhasha & Nagari Lipi.
• Development of Hindi as national Language during freedom movement.
• The development of Hindi as a National Language of Union of India.
• Scientific & Technical development of Hindi Language.
• Prominent dialects of Hindi and their inter relationship.
• Salient features of Nagari Lipi and the efforts for its reform & Standard form of Hindi.
• Grammatical structure of Standard Hindi.

Section B: History of Hindi Literature

The relevance and importance of Hindi literature and tradition of writing History of Hindi Literature.

• Literary trends of the following four periods of history of Hindi Literature.
  • Adikal- Sidh, Nath and Raso Sahitya.
    • Prominent poets- Chandvardai, Khusaro, Hemchandra, Vidyapati.
  • Bhaktikal- Sant Kavyadhara, Sufi Kavyadhara, Krishna Bhaktidhara and Ram Bhaktidhara.
    • Prominent Poets-Kabir, Jayasi, Sur & Tulsi.
  • Ritikal- Ritikavya, Ritibaddhakavya & Riti Mukta Kavya.
    • Prominent Poets-Keshav, Bihari, Padmakar and Ghananand.
  • Adhunik Kal
    • Renaissance, the development of Prose, Bharatendu Mandal.
    • Prominent Writers: Bharatendu, Bal Krishna Bhatt & Pratap Narain Mishra.
    • Prominent trends of modern Hindi Poetry: Chhayavad, Pragativad, Proyogvad, Nai Kavita, Navgeet and Contemporary poetry and Janvadi Kavita.
    • Prominent Poets: Maithili Sharan Gupta, Prasad, Nirala, Mahadevi, Dinkar, Agyeya, Muktibodh, Nagarjun.

• Katha Sahitya
  • Upanyas & Realism
  • The origin and development of Hindi Novels.
  • Prominent Novelists: Premchand, Jainendra, Yashpal, Renu and Bhism Sahani.
  • The origin and development of Hindi short story.
  • Prominent short Story Writers: Premchand, Prasad, Agyeya, Mohan Rakesh & Krishna Shobti.
• Drama & Theatre
  • The origin & Development of Hindi Drama.
  • Prominent Dramatists: Bharatendu, Prasad, Jagdish Chandra Mathur, Ram Kumar Verma, Mohan Rakesh.
  • The development of Hindi Theature.
• Criticism
  • The origin and development of Hindi criticism: Saiddhantik, Vyavharik, Pragativadi, Manovishleshanvadi & Nai Alochana.
  • Prominent critics: Ramchandra Shukla, Hajari Prasad Dwivedi, Ram Vilas Sharma & Nagendra.
• The other forms of Hindi prose- Lalit Nibandh, Rekhachitra, Sansmaran, Yatra-vrittant.

Paper II

This paper will require first hand reading of prescribed texts and will test the critical ability of the candidates.

Section A

• Kabir: Kabir Granthawali, Ed, Shyam Sundar Das (First hundred Sakhis)
• Surdas: Bhramar Gitsar, Ed. Ramchandra Shukla (First hundred Padas)
• Tulsidas: Ramchrit Manas (Sundar Kand) Kavitawali (Uttar Kand)
• Jayasi: Padmawat Ed. Shyam Sundar Das (Sinhal Dwip Khand & Nagmativiyog Khand)
• Bihari: Bihari Ratnakar Ed. Jagnnath Prasad Ratnakar (First 100 Dohas)
• Maithili Sharan Gupta: Bharat Bharati
• Prasad: Kamayani (Chinta and Sharddha Sarg)
• Nirala: Rag-Virag, Ed. Ram Vilas Sharma (Ram Ki Shakti Puja & Kukurmutta)
• Dinkar: Kurushetra
• Agyeya: Angan Ke Par Dwar (Asadhya Vina)
• Muktiboth: Brahma Rakshas
• Nagarjun: Badal Ko Ghirte Dekha Hai, Akal Ke Bad, Harijan Gatha

Section B

• Bharatendu: Bharat Durdasha
• Mohan Rakesh: Ashad Ka Ek Din
• Ramchandra Shukla: Chintamani (Part I) - (Kavita Kya Hai] Shraddha Aur Bhakti)
• Dr. Satyendra: Nibandh Nilaya-Bal Krishna Bhatt, Premchand, Gulab Rai, Hajari Prasad Dwivedi, Ram Vilas Sharma, Agyeya, Kuber Nath Rai.
• Premchand: Godan, Premchand ki Sarvashreshtha Kahaniyan, Ed. Amrit Rai, Manjusha - Premchand ki Sarvashreshtha Kahaniyan, Ed. Amrit Rai
• Prasad: Skandgupta
• Yashpal: Divya
• Phaniswar Nath Renu: Maila Anchal
• Mannu Bhandari: Mahabhoj
• Rajendra Yadav: Ek Dunia Samanantar (All Stories)